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B2 German grammar

Konjunktiv I and replacement forms

Attribute information using the full reported-speech system without implying automatic disbelief.

The rule

Use Konjunktiv I to mark attributed speech. When it matches the indicative, a distinct Konjunktiv II replacement can clarify reporting without asserting disbelief.

er sei / habe / könne · sie seien · sie hätten als Ersatzform

Konjunktiv I marks attributed speech in formal reporting. It does not by itself say whether the reporter believes the statement.

Present forms commonly use the stem plus -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en; sein has the special forms sei, seiest, sei, seien, seiet, seien.

If Konjunktiv I coincides with indicative, Konjunktiv II can make attribution visible: sie hätten instead of ambiguous sie haben.

Core forms and structures

Use this table as a reference, then retrieve the forms without looking.

FormFunctionGerman exampleEnglish
seiSingular reported sein uses Konjunktiv I sei.Die Sprecherin sagt, der Termin sei bestätigt.The spokesperson says the appointment is confirmed.
habeThird-person singular reported haben uses Konjunktiv I habe.Er erklärt, er habe keine Zeit.He explains that he has no time.
könneReported ability uses singular Konjunktiv I könne.Sie behauptet, sie könne das beweisen.She claims that she can prove that.
seienPlural reported sein uses seien; angekommen expresses prior arrival.Der Bericht meldet, die Gäste seien angekommen.The report states that the guests have arrived.
wohneReported wohnen uses singular Konjunktiv I wohne.Sie sagt, ihr Bruder wohne in Bonn.She says her brother lives in Bonn.

German examples with English meanings

Die Sprecherin sagt, der Termin sei bestätigt.

The spokesperson says the appointment is confirmed.

Singular reported sein uses Konjunktiv I sei.

Er erklärt, er habe keine Zeit.

He explains that he has no time.

Third-person singular reported haben uses Konjunktiv I habe.

Sie behauptet, sie könne das beweisen.

She claims that she can prove that.

Reported ability uses singular Konjunktiv I könne.

Der Bericht meldet, die Gäste seien angekommen.

The report states that the guests have arrived.

Plural reported sein uses seien; angekommen expresses prior arrival.

Sie sagt, ihr Bruder wohne in Bonn.

She says her brother lives in Bonn.

Reported wohnen uses singular Konjunktiv I wohne.

Die Leitung erklärt, alle hätten zugestimmt.

The management explains that everyone agreed.

Er betont, er wisse nichts davon.

He stresses that he knows nothing about it.

Sie berichtet, die Firma müsse sparen.

She reports that the company must save money.

Er sagt, seine Kollegin komme später.

He says his colleague is coming later.

Die Zeugin erklärt, das Licht sei rot gewesen.

The witness explains that the light had been red.

Common mistakes

Incorrect: Die Leitung erklärt, alle hätte zugestimmt.

Correct: Die Leitung erklärt, alle hätten zugestimmt.

Ambiguous plural haben is replaced by Konjunktiv II hätten.

Incorrect: Er betont, er wissen nichts davon.

Correct: Er betont, er wisse nichts davon.

Reported wissen uses singular Konjunktiv I wisse.

Incorrect: Sie berichtet, die Firma müssen sparen.

Correct: Sie berichtet, die Firma müsse sparen.

Reported necessity uses singular Konjunktiv I müsse.

Incorrect: Er sagt, seine Kollegin kommen später.

Correct: Er sagt, seine Kollegin komme später.

Reported kommen uses singular Konjunktiv I komme.

Incorrect: Die Zeugin erklärt, das Licht seien rot gewesen.

Correct: Die Zeugin erklärt, das Licht sei rot gewesen.

Reported past state uses sei plus gewesen.

Details and useful distinctions

A würde-form can provide another replacement where a synthetic form is ambiguous or unsuitable, but sei and habe are usually preferable.

Indicative with dass is normal in many everyday reports. Choose the reporting convention consistently rather than labelling all indicative reports incorrect.

Practise this grammar

Compare the reported form with indicative first; choose a clear form and keep speaker attribution visible.

Open Konjunktiv I and replacement forms exercises →

For source references and editorial level notes, see the grammar reference. You can report a correction if an explanation or example seems wrong.